Cross-national measurement invariance of the Purpose in Life Test in seven Latin American countries.

The Purpose in Life Test (PIL) is a measure of purpose in life widely used in many cultures and countries; however, cross-cultural assessments are scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the PIL in the general population of seven Latin American countries (Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay). A total of 4306 people participated, selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling, where Uruguay has the highest mean age (M = 41.8; SD = 16.6 years); while Ecuador has the lowest mean age (M = 24.6; SD = 7.8 years). Furthermore, in each country, there is a higher proportion of women (>60%) than men (<40%). Using Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis, the factorial structure does not show evidence of invariance among the included countries. However, based on the Multi-Group Factor Analysis Alignment, there is evidence that a three-dimensional structure of the PIL (Meaning of existence, Freedom to make meaning in daily life and Will to find meaning in the face of future challenges) is the same in the participating countries. Results based on item response theory indicate that most PIL items can significantly differentiate responses according to the level of life purpose. In addition, people with low life purpose will tend to choose the lower response alternatives on the PIL; while people with higher life purpose will choose higher response alternatives. The findings indicate that the PIL has the potential to increase knowledge about how people conceive and experience their purpose in life in different countries.

Prevalence of Dating Violence in Adolescents of Five Colombian Cities / Prevalencia de la Violencia en el Noviazgo en Adolescentes de Cinco Ciudades Colombianas

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and frequency of perpetration and victimization of different types of dating violence (DV), among adolescents from 13 to 19 years old in five capital cities of Colombia (Bogotá, Bucaramanga, Ibagué, Tunja, and Yopal), making comparisons by sex. The Spanish version of the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory was used and various statistical analyses, including the one-way MANOVA, were performed. The results show a high prevalence of DV, particularly verbal/emotional and bi-directional (almost 90 % of the participants), pointing out that sex could have a statistically significant effect on the prevalence of the different types of DV, being higher the proportion of men who perpetrated sexual violence and higher the proportion of women who perpetrated verbal/emotional and physical violence. These results indicate the need to continue investigating the phenomenon in Colombia, to carry out different prevention campaigns that are sensitive to differences by sex in prevalence.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la prevalencia y la frecuencia de la perpetración y la victimización de diferentes tipos de violencia en el noviazgo (VN), entre adolescentes de 13 a 19 anos de cinco ciudades capitales de Colombia (Bogotá, Bucaramanga, Ibagué, Tunja y Yopal), efec-tuándose comparaciones por sexo. Se utilizò la versión en espanol del Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory, implementándose varios análisis estadísticos, incluyendo el MANOVA unidireccional. Los resultados evidencian una alta prevalencia de VN, particularmente verbal/ emocional y bi-direccional (casi el 90 % de los participantes), senalando que el sexo podría tener un efecto estadísticamente significativo en las prevalencias de los diferentes tipos de VN, siendo mayor la proporciòn de hombres que ejercieron violencia sexual y mayor el de mujeres que ejercieron violencia verbal/emocional y física. Estos resultados evidencian la necesidad de seguir investigando el fenòmeno en Colombia, para así adelantar diferentes campanas de prevenciòn que sean sensibles a las diferencias por sexo en las prevalencias.

Symptoms and online intimate partner violence during the Covid-19 Quarantine / Síntomas psicopatológicos y violencia online de pareja durante la cuarentena por el covid-19

Abstract Introduction: The Covid-19 pandemic has affected the physical and mental health of the population in general, in addition, during the quarantine, online intimate partner violence behaviours may arise, which increases the probability of psychopathological symptoms, with alterations in emotional and affective states. Objective: The purpose this study was examine the relationship between psychopathological symptoms and online intimate partner violence behaviours during the Covid-19 pandemic. Method: The design was correlational cross-sectional comparative, the sample nonprobability with the participation of 588 people of between 18 and 46 years of age. Symptom ChecklistSCL-36, Cyber dating abuse questionnaire and Sociodemographic questionnaire Results: Out of the total, 60 % reported having perpetrated a controlling behaviour and 54,3 % claimed to have been a victim of online abuse in your relationship, during the quarantine. It was found that there is a positive and significant relationship between cyber abuse, for both victimization and perpetration, and the psychopathological Symptomsby the Symptom Check List-36. A positive and significant relationship was also found between some symptoms assessed by the Symptom Check List-36 and sleep quality, cigarette consumption, and the intake of alcoholic and energising beverages during the quarantine. These results show that mental health may be affected by the confinement during the pandemic. Moreover, during the quarantine, intimate partner violence behaviours may arise, altering the emotional and affective state of individuals, with the appearance of symptoms of psychological disorders. Conclusions: Therefore, future investigations should be geared towards intervention programmes to reduce the psychological impact on the people affected.

Resumen Introducción: La pandemia por Covid-19 afecta la salud física y mental de la población en general, además, durante el tiempo de cuarentena se puede presentar violencia online de pareja, lo que aumenta la probabilidad que se presenten síntomas psicopatológicos, con alteraciones en los estados emocionales y afectivos. Objetivo: Por lo tanto, este estudio examinó la relación entre los síntomas psicopatológicos y comportamientos de violencia online de pareja durante Pandemia de covid-19. Método: El diseño fue correlacional comparativo transversal y la muestra no probabilística con la participación de 588 personas (18 y 46 años); los instrumentos que se emplearon en esta investigación fueron el cuestionario SCL-36, Escala de abuso online en relaciones y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Resultados: El 60 % informó haber utilizado conductas de control y el 54,3 % refirieron haber sido víctima de abuso online en su relación en el tiempo de cuarentena. Se encontró que existe una relación positiva y significativa entre las conductas de violencia online tanto para la victimización y perpetración, con los síntomas psicopatológicos que evalúa SCL-36. También se encontró una relación significativa y positiva con algunos síntomas que evalúa el SCL-36 y la calidad del sueño, consumo de cigarrillo, ingesta de bebidas embriagantes y energizantes en el tiempo de cuarentena. Conclusiones: Estos resultados muestran que pueden aparecer síntomas psicopatológicos por el confinamiento durante la pandemia; además, que durante la cuarentena se pueden presentar conductas de violencia online en la pareja alterando el estado emocional y afectivo con la aparición de síntomas de trastornos psicológicos, por lo tanto, las futuras investigaciones deben dirigirse a programas de intervención para disminuir el impacto psicológico en las personas afectadas.

Cross-cultural measurement invariance of the fear of COVID-19 scale in seven Latin American countries.

The objective was to evaluate the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in 7 Latin American countries (Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico, Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay). The participants were 2944 people, selected through non-probability sampling for convenience, where the majority were women. Data collection occurred between 12 June and 14 September 2020. The results indicated that the model with two related factors presents a better fit to the data and has partial scalar invariance among the 7 countries. Differences in emotional and physiological reactions were observed between the countries.

Evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Abuso Online en Relaciones de Noviazgo en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes colombianos / Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Cyber Dating Abuse Questionnaire in Colombian adolescents and young adults

Resumen Introducción/objetivo: Los estudios realizados en algunos países, incluyendo a Colombia, indican altas prevalencias de ciberviolencia en el noviazgo. Sin embargo, en dicho país no se cuenta con instrumentos validados para medir esta forma de violencia. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la confiabilidad y la validez de la Escala de Abuso Online en Relaciones de Noviazgo. Método: Participaron 2023 estudiantes de colegio y universitarios (53% mujeres), entre 13 y 40 años. Resultados: El análisis factorial exploratorio demostró la conveniencia de conservar la estructura original de 20 ítems de las dos escalas del instrumento (perpetración y victimización) y las dos subescalas de cada una ("agresiones directas" y "monitoreo/control"), estructura que fue ratificada por el análisis factorial confirmatorio con índices adecuados de ajuste. Además, las cuatro subescalas correlacionaron significativamente entre sí y con las escalas de la Lista de Chequeo de Experiencias de Maltrato Psicológico en la Pareja. Los índices alfa oscilaron entre .75 y .87. Conclusiones: Estos resultados indican que el instrumento presenta unas propiedades psicométricas que avalan su uso con adolescentes y adultos jóvenes colombianos.

Abstract Introduction/objective: Studies carried out in some countries, including Colombia, indicate high prevalences of cyber dating abuse. However, in that country there are no validated instruments to measure this form of violence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Cyber Dating Abuse Questionnaire. Method: The participants were 2023 college and university students (53% female), 13-40 years aged. Results: The exploratory factor analysis showed the convenience of preserving the original structure of 20 items on the two scales of the instrument (perpetration and victimization) and the two subscales of each ("direct aggression" and "monitoring/control"). This structure was ratified by confirmatory factor analysis with adequate adjustment indices. In addition, the four subscales correlated significantly with each other and with the scales of the Checklist of Experiences of Psychological Abuse in the Couple. Alpha indices ranged from .75 to .87. Conclusions: These results indicate that the instrument has psychometric properties that ensure its use with Colombian adolescents and young adults.

Differences Between Sexes in Psychopathological Variables among Adolescent Victims of Dating Violence / Diferencias por Sexo en Variables Psicopatológicas entre Adolescentes Víctimas de Violencia en el Noviazgo

Abstract This descriptive-comparative study had the aim of examining if there were differences between sexes with respect to a number of psychopathological variables and other issues among adolescents who are victims of dating violence. There were 757 participants, adolescents between 12 and 19 years of age; 59% were female (and 41% male), from 15 different secondary education institutions in two intermediate-sized cities in Colombia. The following instruments were used: the Spanish version of Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI), the Behavior Assessment System for Children and Adolescents -self-report version- (BASC-S3), the Symptoms Checklist SCL-90-R and a self-report, psychological variable questionnaire. The boys surveyed reported having received more relational and physical aggression. However, the girls demonstrated a significantly higher frequency in terms of psychopathological symptoms, more severe clinical and personal maladjustment, and bad relationships with peers and relatives. This indicates that the girls who are victims of these forms of violence suffer more difficulties, an aspect that should be taken into consideration in the prevention and intervention campaigns related with this issue.

Resumen Este estudio descriptivo comparativo tuvo como objetivo examinar si existían diferencias por sexo con respecto a un conjunto de variables psicopatológicas y otras dificultades, entre adolescentes víctimas de violencia en el noviazgo (VN). Participaron 757 adolescentes entre 12 y 19 años de edad, el 59% mujeres, vinculados a 15 instituciones de educación media de dos ciudades intermedias de Colombia. Se utilizó la versión española del Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI), el Sistema de Evaluación de la Conducta de Niños y Adolescentes -versión de auto informe- (BASC-S3), la Lista de Síntomas SCL-90-R y un cuestionario de auto-informe de variables psicológicas. Los varones reportaron haber recibido una frecuencia mayor de malos tratos de tipo relacional y físico. Sin embargo, las mujeres evidenciaron una frecuencia significativamente mayor de síntomas psicopatológicos, un mayor desajuste clínico y personal, y malas relaciones con pares y familiares, lo cual indica que las mujeres víctimas de esta forma de violencia presentan más dificultades, aspecto que debería ser considerado en las campañas prevención e intervención de esta problemática.

Psychometric Properties of the Checklist of Experiences of Psychological Abuse to the Couple in Adolescents and Young Adults.

In Ibero-America, interest in the evaluation and prevention of violence in young couples has been increasing. However, there are not enough Spanish-speaking standardized questionnaires. The psychometric analyses of the Checklist of Experiences of Psychological Abuse to the Couple (CEPA) are presented as a subset of the Checklist of Experiences of Abuse to the Couple. Overall, 1,505 adolescents participated; 828 were women, and 677 were men, aged 14 to 21 years old. A confirmatory factor analysis with the Structural Equation Modeling Software version 6.2 (EQS) was performed to consider different factor models that were consistent with theoretical and empirical aspects about violence in young couples. A structure was obtained with one factor of higher order, "Psychological Aggression" (14 items), and the following three primary factors: (a) "Coercion" (four items), (b) "Humiliation" (five items), and (c) "Control" (five items); Cronbach's alpha ranged from .71 to .83. The overall scale and the three subscales correlated significantly with each other and with negative personality traits associated with gender. The results indicate that the scale has adequate psychometric properties for use in clinical practice and research.

Evaluation of a treatment program for dating violence / Evaluación de un programa de tratamiento para los malos tratos en el noviazgo

Abstract The specialized literature does not report the design and evaluation of intervention alternatives for adolescents and young adults involved in acts of dating violence, a problem that reaches high prevalence rates. This study aimed to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of a program for young unmarried couples who have experienced violence, using a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest and intact groups (experimental and control), in which 12 heterosexual couples of young people participated, all of them between 17 and 26 years-old, linked through a call made by different media in their city of residence, six assigned to the experimental group and six to the control group. The program is developed in 10 sessions, in addition a follow-up, including psychoeducation about dating violence, beliefs and expectations about the relationship, communication skills, empathy, anger management and management of jealousy. The results showed statistically significant decreases at post-treatment level in the experimental group compared with the control group, in attitudes in favor of intimate violence, submissive communication and frequency of abuse, as well as an increase in assertive communication, changes that were maintained a month after the intervention ended. These results support the effectiveness of the program.

Resumen En la literatura especializada no se reporta el diseño ni la evaluación de alternativas de intervención para adolescentes y adultos jóvenes involucrados en actos de violencia en el noviazgo, una problemática que alcanza una alta prevalencia en la actualidad. Por tanto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo implementar y evaluar la efectividad de un programa para parejas jóvenes no casadas que han vivenciado malos tratos, mediante un diseño cuasi-experimental con prueba-posprueba y grupos intactos -experimental y control-. En total, participaron 12 parejas heterosexuales de adolescentes y jóvenes entre los 17 y 26 años, vinculadas mediante una convocatoria realizada por diferentes medios en su ciudad de residencia, seis asignadas al grupo experimental y seis al grupo control. El programa se desarrolló en 10 sesiones, más una de seguimiento, e incluyó psicoeducación sobre la violencia en el noviazgo, creencias y expectativas sobre la relación de pareja, habilidades de comunicación, empatía, manejo de la ira y manejo de los celos. Los resultados evidenciaron disminuciones estadísticamente significativas a nivel de postratamiento en el grupo experimental -en comparación con el grupo control- en actitudes a favor de la violencia íntima, comunicación sumisa y frecuencia de los malos tratos, así como un incremento en la comunicación asertiva, cambios que se mantuvieron al mes de finalizada la intervención. Estos resultados respaldan la efectividad del programa.

Escala de actitudes hacia la investigación (EACIN): Evaluación de sus propiedades psicométricas en una muestra colombiana / Attitudes Towards Research Scale (ATRS): Evaluation of its Psychometric Properties in a Colombian Sample

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Actitudes hacia la Investigación (EACIN) en una muestra de estudiantes, docentes y directivos colombianos, el principal resultado fue una versión revisada de la misma (EACIN-R). Participaron 427 personas (261 mujeres y 166 hombres), entre 16 y 56 años de edad (X=25,79 años, DX=8,46 años). El instrumento había sido validado previamente en su contenido por ocho jueces y obtenido un alfa de Cronbrach de 0,85. Para la evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas se utilizó el análisis paralelo de Horn que permitió identificar tres factores que incluyen 28 ítems agrupados en las siguientes sub-escalas conforme al contenido de sus ítems: (a) desinterés por la investigación (α=0,87); (b) vocación por la investigación (α=0,87) y (c) valoración de la investigación (α=0,77). El alfa de Cronbrach total fue de 0,87, que evidencia un buen nivel de consistencia interna. Se recomienda continuar estudiando las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento, particularmente su estabilidad y su validez de criterio, para posteriormente obtener baremos teniendo en cuenta variables como el sexo, la edad y el nivel educativo.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Escala de Actitudes Hacia la Investigación (Attitudes Towards Research Scale) in a sample of Colombian students, teachers and managers, which resulted in a revised version of the scale (EACIN-R). The sample consisted of 427 persons (261 women and 166 men), aged between 15 and 65 (X=25.79 years, DX=8.46 years). The instrument was validated previously in its content by eight judges (α=.85). Horn's parallel analysis was used to identify three factors which included 28 items grouped in the following subscales according to the content of their items: (a) disinterest in research (α=.87); (b) vocation for research (α=.87), and (c) research valuation (α=.77). Total alpha was .87, which shows a good level of internal consistency. It is suggested further study about the psychometric properties of the instrument, particularly its stability and criterion validity, in order to obtain subsequently normalized scores having account variables as sex, age and education level.

Diferencias entre adolescentes del área rural-urbana en malos tratos durante el noviazgo / Differences between rural and urban adolescents in dating violence

Resumen Se examinaron las diferencias existentes en las conductas de maltrato ejercidas en el noviazgo en adolescentes de un área rural y urbana del municipio de Tunja (Colombia), mediante un diseño trasversal descriptivo-comparativo, en el que participaron 119 mujeres y 113 varones de 13 a 19 años de dos colegios públicos, uno urbano (n=152) y otro rural (n=80). Para ello se utilizó una lista de chequeo de experiencias de maltrato de pareja. Los resultados señalan que aproximadamente la mitad ejecutó al menos una conducta de este tipo, tanto en la zona urbana como rural, aunque la frecuencia de comportamientos de maltrato fue significativamente mayor entre los(as) del área urbana, a nivel general y en los tipos de maltrato psicológico, emocional y físico. Estos resultados señalan que estas conductas podrían ser más frecuentes entre los adolescentes de áreas urbanas, aunque se requiere más investigación y atención sobre este fenómeno en zonas rurales.

Abstract We examined the differences in dating violence in adolescents in a rural and urban area of the municipality of Tunja (Colombia), through a descriptive-comparative cross-sectional design, in which 119 women and 113 men participated, aged 13 to 19 years of two public schools, one urban (n=152) and one rural (n=80). For this, a checklist of partner abuse experiences was used. The results indicate that approximately half performed at least one behavior of this type, both in the urban and rural areas, although the frequency of maltreatment behaviors was significantly higher among those in the urban area, in general, and in the types of psychological, emotional and physical abuse. These results indicate that these behaviors may be more frequent among adolescents in urban areas, although more research and attention is required to focus on rural areas.

Adaptation And Evaluation Of The Psychometric Properties Of Brief-P In Colombian Preschoolers / Adaptación y evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas del brief-p en preescolares colombianos

Resumen Las funciones ejecutivas (FE) son una serie de procesos que gestionan y coordinan las demás funciones cognitivas, las respuestas emocionales y comportamentales, especialmente ante problemas novedosos. Su evaluación es importante en los años preescolares con el fin de prevenir problemas de aprendizaje y de comportamiento. En este estudio se adaptó el Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Preschool Version (BRIEF-P) y se evaluaron sus propiedades psicométricas con una muestra de 125 niños(as) colombianos entre 2 y 4 años y once meses de edad, mediante la implementación de diversas pruebas de confiabilidad y validez. Se encontraron índices altos de estabilidad test-retest y de consistencia interna, en el puntaje global, los tres índices y las cinco escalas del instrumento, y una estructura de correlaciones superiores a .50 entre dichas escalas. Cinco factores explicaban el 100% de la varianza y las escalas del BRIEF-P correlacionaron significativamente con el puntaje obtenido en pruebas de desempeño de FE diseñadas para preescolares. Estos datos confirman las adecuadas propiedades psicométricas del instrumento, aunque se recomienda un estudio de baremación.

Abstract Executive functions are a series of processes that regulate and coordinate cognitive functions, emotional and behavioral responses, and the ability to deal with novelty. Evaluating executive functions in preschool years may prevent learning and behavior problems. In this study, It was adapted the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Preschool Version (BRIEF-P) , and its psychometric properties were evaluated sampling 125 Colombian children between 2 and 4 years and eleven months old, through the implementation of several tests of reliability and validity. It was found high rates of test-retest reliability and internal consistency in the overall score, the three rates and the five scales of the instrument, and a structure of correlations above .50 among these scales. Five factors accounted for 100% of the variance and the BRIEF-P scales correlated significantly with the achieved score in performance tests designed for evaluating executive functions in preschoolers. These data confirm the adequate psychometric properties of the instrument, although a scale study is recommended.

Diferencias por sexo y variables asociadas con las agresiones sexuales en el noviazgo en universitarios / Sex differences and variables associated with dating sexual aggressions in university students

Resumen Se requiere más investigación sobre los posibles factores de riesgo de la violencia sexual en el noviazgo. Se comparó la prevalencia por sexo de seis agresiones sexuales entre 902 varones y mujeres colombianos solteros y sin hijos, y se comparó a los participantes que reportaron al menos una agresión sexual con los que no, en las siguientes variables: duración de la relación, edad, comunicación de pareja, rasgos de agresividad/ dominación/intransigencia, observación de violencia marital y aceptación de la violencia en el matrimonio. Un porcentaje significativamente mayor de varones reportó haber ejercido cuatro de estas seis conductas, comparados con las mujeres. Los participantes que informaron al menos una agresión sexual tenían un rango promedio de edades significativamente mayor y presentaron puntuaciones más altas en rasgos de agresividad/ dominación/intransigencia y más bajas en comunicación de pareja, reportaron más agresiones entre sus padres y un porcentaje significativamente mayor estuvo de acuerdo con 26 de 28 frases referentes al uso de la violencia en el matrimonio. No hubo diferencias con respecto a la duración de la relación. Se destaca la necesidad de considerar estas variables en la prevención primaria y secundaria de este tipo de violencia.

Abstract More research about possible risk factors of sexual dating violence is required. The prevalence of six sexual aggressions was compared by sex among 902 unmarried and childless Colombian men and women, and participants who reported at least one sexual aggression were compared with not in following variables: duration of relationship, age, partner communication, traits of aggressiveness/domination/ intransigence, observation of marital violence and acceptance of violence in marriage. A significantly higher percentage of males reported having exercised four of these six behaviors. Participants who reported at least one sexual aggression had a significantly higher average range of ages and had higher scores on traits of aggressiveness/domination/intransigence and lower in partner communication, they reported more aggressions between their parents and a significantly higher percentage was according to 26 of 28 phrases concerning the use of violence in marriage. There were no differences regarding the duration of the relationship. The need to consider these variables in primary and secondary prevention of such violence is pointed.

Funcionalidad familiar, número de relaciones y maltrato en el noviazgo en estudiantes de secundaria / Family functionality, number of relationships and dating violence in high school students

Resumen Se sometieron a prueba dos modelos de ecuaciones estructurales para determinar si la funcionalidad familiar y el número de experiencias de noviazgo podrían predecir las conductas de maltrato ejercidas y sufridas por un grupo de 548 estudiantes de secundaria (294 mujeres y 295 hombres), entre 12 y 22 años de edad. Para ello se utilizaron sendas listas de chequeo de experiencias de maltrato en la pareja, con el fin de informar las conductas de maltrato ejercidas y recibidas, y la Escala de Efectividad en el Funcionamiento Familiar. Se encontraron dos modelos con indicadores de bondad de ajuste (NFI, RFI, IFI, TLI, CFI) por encima de .90 y RMSA por debajo de .05. Los resultados indican que los problemas en la funcionalidad familiar podrían favorecer un mayor número de parejas y que estos dos aspectos podrían predecir los malos tratos psicológicos, emocionales y físicos, ejercidos y sufridos en el noviazgo.

Abstract Two models of structural equations were tested to determine if the family functionality and the number of dating partners could predict abusive behavior exercised and suffered by a group of 548 high school students (294 women and 295 men), aged 12 and 22 years old. Two checklists of experiences of partner abuse were used to inform behaviors exercised and received, and the Effectiveness in Family Functioning Scale. Two models with indicators of goodness of fit (NFI, RFI, IFI, TLI, CFI) above .90 were found, and MSYR below .05. The results indicate that problems in family functioning could promote a major number of dating partners and that these two aspects could predict psychological, emotional and physical abuse, exercised and suffered in dating.

Diferencias entre adolescentes con trastorno disocial de inicio infantil e inicio adolescente / Differences between adolescents with childhoodonset vs. adolescent-onset conduct disorder

Se comparó un grupo de adolescentes con trastorno disocial de inicio infantil (TD-I), con un grupo de adolescentes con Trastorno Disocial de Inicio Adolescente (TD-A), en relación con un conjunto de variables neuropsicológicas, biográficas, psicológicas, familiares y comunitarias, y la frecuencia general y por síntoma de trastorno disocial. Participaron 60 hombres y 11 mujeres, de 11 a 18 años de edad, 24 con TD-I y 47 con TD-A. Los participantes con TD-I informaron una frecuencia mayor de conductas disociales, presenciaron más conductas violentas entre sus padres, informaron una edad promedio más baja de consumo de bebidas alcohólicas y reportaron más problemas en el colegio como consecuencia de dichas conductas. Estos resultados tienden a confirmar que los individuos con TD-I presentan un perfil más negativo de síntomas y dificultades asociadas a dicho trastorno.

We compared a group of adolescents with childhood-onset conduct disorder (C-CD), with a group of teenagers with adolescent-onset conduct disorder (A-CD), in relation to a set of neuropsychological, biographical, psychological, family, and community variables, and the overall and specific frequency of symptoms. Participants were 60 men and 11 women, 24 with C-CD and 47 with A-CD. Statistical analyzes depended on the type of variable analyzed. Participants with C-CD reported a higher frequency of antisocial behaviors, more violent behavior witnessed between their parents, a lower age of alcohol consumption, and more problems in school as a consequence of antisocial behaviors. These results tend to confirm that individuals with C-CD have a more negative profile of symptoms and associated difficulties.

Variables asociadas a los malos tratos en el noviazgo en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes / Variables associated with dating violence in adolescents and young adults / Variáveis associadas aos maus tratos no namoro em adolescentes e adultos jovens

Se comparó un grupo de adolescentes y jóvenes adultos solteros y sin hijos que ejerció por lo menos una conducta de maltrato hacia su pareja, con un grupo similar que no realizó este tipo de maltrato. Las variables tenidas en cuenta fueron el número de actos de violencia observados entre los padres, el porcentaje de participantes de acuerdo con afirmaciones a favor de la violencia en el matrimonio y su puntuación en rasgos agresivos y comunicación de pareja. Asimismo, se realizó un análisis correlacional entre la frecuencia de malos tratos informados y las demás variables. Participaron 417 varones y 485 mujeres, entre 15 y 35 años. Los participantes del primer grupo reportaron haber presenciado más actos de violencia entre sus padres, estuvieron más de acuerdo con afirmaciones a favor de la violencia en el matrimonio y se adjudicaron más rasgos agresivos, variables que correlacionaron positivamente con la frecuencia de malos tratos. Estos resultados señalan que estas variables deberían contemplarse en la evaluación, el tratamiento y en los programas de prevención de la violencia en el noviazgo.

A group of teenagers and young single adults without children who had exercised at least one episode of abusive behavior towards their partner was compared with a similar group who had not carried out this type of abuse. The variables taken into account were the observed number of acts of violence between their parents, the percentage of participants who agreed with statements in favor of violence in marriage, and their score on aggressive traits and communication between members of the couple. Also, a correlation analysis between the frequency of reported abusive behavior and the other variables was performed. Participants were 417 men and 485 women between the ages of 15 and 35. Participants in the first group reported having witnessed more violence between their parents, agreed more with statements in favor of violence in marriage and acknowledged having more aggressive traits within themselves than participants in the second group. All of these variables showed positive correlations with the frequency of abusive behavior. These results indicate that these variables should be considered in assessment, treatment and prevention programs of dating violence.

Comparou-se um grupo de adolescentes e jovens adultos solteiros e sem filhos que exerceu pelo menos uma conduta de maltrato ao seu casal, com um grupo similar que não realizou este tipo de maltrato. As variáveis levadas em consideração foram o número de atos de violência observados entre os pais, a porcentagem de participantes de acordo com afirmações a favor da violência no casamento e sua pontuação em rasgos agressivos e comunicação de casal. Também, foi feita uma análise correlacional entre a frequência de maus tratos informados e as outras variáveis. Participaram 417 homens e 485 mulheres, entre 15 e 35 anos. Os participantes do primeiro grupo informaram haver presenciado mais atos de violência entre seus pais, estiveram mais de acordo com afirmações a favor da violência no casamento e apresentaram mais rasgos agressivos, variáveis que correlacionaram positivamente com a frequência de maus tratos. Estes resultados assinalam que estas variáveis deveriam ser contempladas na avaliação, no tratamento e nos programas de prevenção da violência no namoro.

Diferencias neuropsicológicas, biográficas, psicológicas, familiares y comunitarias, entre adolescentes con y sin trastorno disocial / Neuropsychological, biographic, psychological, familiar, and communities differences between female and male adolescents with and without conduct disorder

El objetivo del estudio que se informa fue comparar un grupo de adolescentes de ambos sexos que cumplían los criterios diagnósticos de trastorno disocial (TD), entre sí y con respecto a un grupo de adolescentes de ambos sexos sin TD, en un conjunto de variables neuropsicológicas, biográficas, psicológicas / conductuales, familiares y comunitarias. Asimismo, se comparó la frecuencia general y específica de las conductas disociales reportadas por los participantes con TD. Todos los participantes tenían entre 11 y 18 años de edad. Los adolescentes con TD (60 varones y 11 mujeres) fueron seleccionados en tres instituciones reeducativas de libertad vigilada, mientras que los adolescentes sin TD (74 varones y 25 mujeres), en un centro de capacitación laboral para adolescentes de escasos recursos. Las mujeres con TD reportaron castigos físicos severos más frecuentemente que los varones con TD, aunque a una edad mayor que éstos, presentando mayores puntuaciones en Neuroticismo y menores en Retroalimentación personal, así como una frecuencia mayor de conductas disociales. Las comparaciones por sexo revelaron que tanto los varones como las mujeres con TD, comparados con los adolescentes sin TD, presentaron puntuaciones más altas en Extroversión y un mayor consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, cambios y expulsiones escolares, escapadas del hogar, pensamientos suicidas y una menor edad de consumo de marihuana. Sin embargo, las mujeres con TD evidenciaron puntuaciones mayores en Machismo y menores en Empatía, Fluidez fonémica y Retroalimentación personal. Estos resultados sugieren más dificultades entre las adolescentes con TD que deberían considerarse en la evaluación y el tratamiento.

Gender differences in risk behaviors for health, risk factors and symptoms of conduct disorder (CD) have not been sufficiently investigated, although knowledge of these differences help define more effective strategies for assessment, prevention and treatment. The aim of this study was to compare a group of male and female adolescents who met the diagnostic criteria of CD, among themselves and with respect to a group of male and female adolescents without CD, on a set of neuropsychological, biographical, psychological / behavioral, family and community variables identified in the specialized literature. Also, the general and specific frequency of antisocial behavior was compared between participants with CD. All participants were between 11 and 18 years old, with a mean of 16 years, and living in low socioeconomic neighborhoods. Adolescents with CD, 60 males and 11 females, were selected in three re-educational institutions of probation, while adolescents without CD, 74 males and 25 females, were selected in a job training center for low-income teenagers. The two groups did not differ significantly in age, sex and socioeconomic status. The instruments used were: Color-word Test (Golden, 1994), Neuropsychological Assessment of Children (Matute, Rosselli, Ardila, & Ostrosky-Solís, 2007), Self-Report Questionnaire of Partner Violence Incidents (Rey-Anacona, 2008), Spanish Version of Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Echeburúa & de Corral, 1998), Depression Inventory (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1983), Masculinity and Femininity Inven tory (Lara, 1993), Scale of Empathy (Martorell, González& Calvo, 1998), Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck, H. J. & Eysenck, S. G. B., 1984), Questionnaire of Child and Adolescent Self-Control (Capafons & Silva, 2001), Brief Questionnaire for Diagnosing Attention Deficit (Pineda et al., 1999) and two questionnaires developed in the research, reviewed by judges on methodology and content. An observational, descriptive, comparative, cross-sectional design was used, involving both adolescents and their mothers, implemented the following statistical tests: (a) t-test for two independent samples and effect size (Cohen's d) for interval and ratio variables, (b) Mann Whitney Ufor ordinal variables, and (c) Ji Square and Odds Ratio for nominal variables. Women with CD reported severe physical punishment more frequently than men with CD, although at an older age, and they showed higher scores on Neuroticism, and lower on Personal Feedback, as well as a higher frequency of antisocial behaviors, both aggressive and covert, and difficulties at work as a result of such conducts. Comparisons by sex revealed both men and women with CD, compared to adolescents without CD, had higher scores on Extraversion, and increased consumption of psychoactive substances, school changes and expulsions, runaways, suicidal thoughts and younger of marijuana. However, women with CD showed higher scores on Machismo, and minor in Empathy, Personal Feedback, and Phonemic Fluency than women without CD, while the mothers of men with CD reported most frequently gangs in their place of residence. These results suggest that women with CD may have a higher frequency of antisocial behaviors and antisocial profiles similar or more severe than male adolescents with CD, and both males and females have a high frequency of conditions and behaviors that undermine their physical and mental health, which may worsen prognosis, aspects that should be considered in the evaluation and treatment. They also suggest that greater importance should be provided to treatment alternatives that minimize the effect of multiple risk behaviors for physical and mental health that demonstrate these adolescents.

Diferencias neuropsicológicas, biográficas, psicológicas, familiares y comunitarias, entre adolescentes con y sin trastorno disocial / Neuropsychological, biographic, psychological, familiar, and communities differences between female and male adolescents with and without conduct disorder

El objetivo del estudio que se informa fue comparar un grupo de adolescentes de ambos sexos que cumplían los criterios diagnósticos de trastorno disocial (TD), entre sí y con respecto a un grupo de adolescentes de ambos sexos sin TD, en un conjunto de variables neuropsicológicas, biográficas, psicológicas / conductuales, familiares y comunitarias. Asimismo, se comparó la frecuencia general y específica de las conductas disociales reportadas por los participantes con TD. Todos los participantes tenían entre 11 y 18 años de edad. Los adolescentes con TD (60 varones y 11 mujeres) fueron seleccionados en tres instituciones reeducativas de libertad vigilada, mientras que los adolescentes sin TD (74 varones y 25 mujeres), en un centro de capacitación laboral para adolescentes de escasos recursos. Las mujeres con TD reportaron castigos físicos severos más frecuentemente que los varones con TD, aunque a una edad mayor que éstos, presentando mayores puntuaciones en Neuroticismo y menores en Retroalimentación personal, así como una frecuencia mayor de conductas disociales. Las comparaciones por sexo revelaron que tanto los varones como las mujeres con TD, comparados con los adolescentes sin TD, presentaron puntuaciones más altas en Extroversión y un mayor consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, cambios y expulsiones escolares, escapadas del hogar, pensamientos suicidas y una menor edad de consumo de marihuana. Sin embargo, las mujeres con TD evidenciaron puntuaciones mayores en Machismo y menores en Empatía, Fluidez fonémica y Retroalimentación personal. Estos resultados sugieren más dificultades entre las adolescentes con TD que deberían considerarse en la evaluación y el tratamiento.(AU)

Gender differences in risk behaviors for health, risk factors and symptoms of conduct disorder (CD) have not been sufficiently investigated, although knowledge of these differences help define more effective strategies for assessment, prevention and treatment. The aim of this study was to compare a group of male and female adolescents who met the diagnostic criteria of CD, among themselves and with respect to a group of male and female adolescents without CD, on a set of neuropsychological, biographical, psychological / behavioral, family and community variables identified in the specialized literature. Also, the general and specific frequency of antisocial behavior was compared between participants with CD. All participants were between 11 and 18 years old, with a mean of 16 years, and living in low socioeconomic neighborhoods. Adolescents with CD, 60 males and 11 females, were selected in three re-educational institutions of probation, while adolescents without CD, 74 males and 25 females, were selected in a job training center for low-income teenagers. The two groups did not differ significantly in age, sex and socioeconomic status. The instruments used were: Color-word Test (Golden, 1994), Neuropsychological Assessment of Children (Matute, Rosselli, Ardila, & Ostrosky-Solís, 2007), Self-Report Questionnaire of Partner Violence Incidents (Rey-Anacona, 2008), Spanish Version of Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Echeburúa & de Corral, 1998), Depression Inventory (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1983), Masculinity and Femininity Inven tory (Lara, 1993), Scale of Empathy (Martorell, González& Calvo, 1998), Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck, H. J. & Eysenck, S. G. B., 1984), Questionnaire of Child and Adolescent Self-Control (Capafons & Silva, 2001), Brief Questionnaire for Diagnosing Attention Deficit (Pineda et al., 1999) and two questionnaires developed in the research, reviewed by judges on methodology and content. An observational, descriptive, comparative, cross-sectional design was used, involving both adolescents and their mothers, implemented the following statistical tests: (a) t-test for two independent samples and effect size (Cohens d) for interval and ratio variables, (b) Mann Whitney Ufor ordinal variables, and (c) Ji Square and Odds Ratio for nominal variables. Women with CD reported severe physical punishment more frequently than men with CD, although at an older age, and they showed higher scores on Neuroticism, and lower on Personal Feedback, as well as a higher frequency of antisocial behaviors, both aggressive and covert, and difficulties at work as a result of such conducts. Comparisons by sex revealed both men and women with CD, compared to adolescents without CD, had higher scores on Extraversion, and increased consumption of psychoactive substances, school changes and expulsions, runaways, suicidal thoughts and younger of marijuana. However, women with CD showed higher scores on Machismo, and minor in Empathy, Personal Feedback, and Phonemic Fluency than women without CD, while the mothers of men with CD reported most frequently gangs in their place of residence. These results suggest that women with CD may have a higher frequency of antisocial behaviors and antisocial profiles similar or more severe than male adolescents with CD, and both males and females have a high frequency of conditions and behaviors that undermine their physical and mental health, which may worsen prognosis, aspects that should be considered in the evaluation and treatment. They also suggest that greater importance should be provided to treatment alternatives that minimize the effect of multiple risk behaviors for physical and mental health that demonstrate these adolescents.(AU)

Prevención de violencia en el noviazgo: una revisión de programas publicados entre 1990 y 2012 / Prevention of Dating Violence: A Review of Programs Published Between 1990 and 2012 / PrevençÃo da violência no namoro: Uma revisÃo de programas publicados entre 1900 e 2012

Objetivo. Se busca identificar, describir y analizar los componentes, metodología y resultados de los programas dirigidos a prevenir la violencia en el noviazgo, reseñados en artículos recuperados de las bases de datos Redalyc, Psicodoc, Science Direct, Proquest y Google académico, publicados entre enero de 1990 y noviembre de 2011. Método. Del total de artículos revisados, solo 13 cumplieron con el criterio de selección de describir la evaluación empírica de este tipo de programas, entre los que destaca el uso del entrenamiento en manejo de conflictos, habilidades para resolución de problemas, conocimientos sobre relaciones saludables, acoso / asalto sexual, cambio de actitudes sobre la violencia en el noviazgo y entrenamiento en habilidades de búsqueda de ayuda. Resultados. En general, estos artículos reportan una disminución en actitudes violentas e incremento del conocimiento sobre la violencia, aunque la mayoría no realizó una evaluación de cambio conductual y en los pocos en donde se hicieron mediciones de seguimiento, no se reporta el mantenimiento de los logros. Conclusión. Se hace necesario, para el avance del conocimiento sobre el tema, realizar estudios con una metodología más rigurosa, centrados en el cambio efectivo de conductas y mejorar la capacidad de generalización de estos estudios a poblaciones diferentes a adolescentes y adultos jóvenes escolarizados.

Objective. To identify, describe, and analyze the components, effectiveness, and methodology of prevention programs for dating violence, described in articles retrieved from information systems: Redalyc, Psicodoc, Science Direct, Proquest, PsycArticles, and Ebsco, between January 1990 and December 2012. Method. Thirteen articles were selected, which described the empirical evaluation of such programs, and had the following components and subjects in common: conflict solving skills, a knowledge of healthy relationships, sexual harassment and assault, changing attitudes about the violence in dating relationships, and help-seeking skills. Results. In general, these programs reported a decrease in violent attitudes, and an increase in knowledge about dating violence, although the majority do not make behavioral change evaluations, and in those cases where follow - up measurements are taken, the progress achieved is not reported. Conclusion. For knowledge on this subject to advance, studies with more rigorous methodology have become necessary, which focus on effective behavior change, and to improve the capacity of generalization of these studies to different populations from teenagers and young educated adults.

Escopo. Se procura identificar, descrever e analisar os componentes, metodologia e resultados dos programas dirigidos a prevenir a violência no namoro, resenhados em artigos recuperados das bases de dados Redalyc, Psicidoc, Science Direct, Proquest e Google acadêmico, publicados entre janeiro de 1990 e novembro de 2011. Metodologia. Do total dos artigos revisados, só 13 cumpriram com o critério de seleçÃo de descrever a avaliaçÃo empírica de este tipo de programas, entre os que destaca o uso do treinamento em gestÃo de conflitos, habilidades para a resoluçÃo de problemas, conhecimento sobre relações saludáveis, acosso/ assalto sexual, mudança de atitudes sobre a violência no namoro e treinamento em habilidades de procura de ajuda. Resultados. Em geral, estes artigos reportam uma diminuiçÃo em atitudes violentas e incremento do conhecimento sobre a violência, ainda a maioria nÃo fez uma avaliaçÃo da mudança na conduta, e nos poucos casos a onde se fizeram medições de seguimento, nÃo foram reportado o mantimento dos logros. ConclusÃo. é preciso para o avanço do conhecimento sobre o tema, fazer estudos com uma metodologia mais rigorosa, centrados na mudança efetiva de condutas e melhorar a capacidade de generalizaçÃo de estes estudos em populações diferentes, adolescentes e adultos jovens escolarizados.

Evaluación preliminar de un programa para parejas no casadas que han presentado malos tratos / Preliminary evaluation of a program for unmarried couples that have presented abuse

El objetivo de esta investigación fue efectuar una evaluación preliminar de un programa de tratamiento dirigido a parejas jóvenes no casadas que han presentado malos tratos en su relación, el cual contemplaba el mejoramiento de las habilidades de comunicación, empatía y manejo de la ira, entre otros componentes implementados desde el enfoque de terapia y modificación del comportamiento. Se utilizó un diseño pretest-postest de un solo grupo, con la participación de cuatro parejas heterosexuales entre 17 y 22 años de edad (X = 20 años; DX = 1,89 años). Los efectos se evaluaron a través del STAXI II, el ASPA (Cuestionario de Aserción en la Pareja), una escala de actitudes hacia la violencia íntima, un cuestionario de satisfacción con el programa y una lista de chequeo de experiencias de maltrato en la pareja. Los resultados evidenciaron decrementos postratamiento significativos en la frecuencia de malos tratos, en la ira como estado y en las actitudes hacia la violencia, así como una buena satisfacción con el programa. Se proponen ajustes en los contenidos del mismo, de cara a la realización de un ensayo clínico controlado.

The objective of this research was to conduct a preliminary evaluation of a treatment aimed at unmarried young couples who have had abuse in their relationship. The program included improving communication skills, empathy and anger management, among other components, under a behavior therapy perspective. A pretest-posttest one-group design was used, with the participation of four heterosexual couples between 17 and 22 years (X=20 years, DX=1.89 years). The effects were evaluated through the staxi ii, the Assertion Questionnaire in the Couple, a scale of attitudes toward intimate violence, a program satisfaction questionnaire, and a checklist of experiences of partner abuse. The results showed significant post-treatment decreases on the frequency of abuse, attitudes toward intimate violence, and anger as a state, and a good satisfaction with the program. Adjustments in the contents of the program for the achievement of a controlled clinical trial are proposed.

Cognitive and Executive Functions in Colombian School Children with Conduct Disorder: Sex Differences / Funciones cognitivas y ejecutivas en escolares colombianos con trastorno disocial: diferencias por sexo

Abstract Introduction: Most of the studies that have examined cognitive and executive functions in conduct disorders (CD) have been conducted on institutionalized male adolescents. In this research the cognitive and executive functions of non-institutionalized Colombian school children with CD were compared with normal school children, all between 6 and 12 years-old. Materials and methods: We used a case-control design. The cases were participants who met the diagnostic criteria for CD (n=39) and controls who did not meet these criteria (n=39), according to reports of a professional of the participants' institution, and a structured interview for childhood psychiatric syndromes. The two groups were selected from educational institutions, and there were no differences in age, school grade, or socioeconomic level. The IQ was reviewed, as well as the presence of other mental disorders, serious physical illnesses, and more serious neurological signs.The cognitive and executive functions were evaluated using a child neuropsychological test battery. Results: We found that participants with CD had significantly lower scores in construction abilities, perceptual abilities (tactile, visual and auditory), differed in verbal memory, differed in visual memory, language (repetition, expression and understanding), meta-linguistic abilities, spatial abilities, visual and auditory attention, conceptual abilities, verbal and graphic fluency, and cognitive flexibility. The same differences were found between males, except in repetition, whereas girls showed fewer differences, thus the cognitive and executive performance was poorer in males with CD than in females, especially in verbal and linguistic-related functions. Conclusions: Children with CD could show generalized cognitive and executive deficits. These deficits seem to be more frequent in boys than in girls with CD.

Resumen Introducción: La mayoría de los estudios que han examinado las funciones cognitivas y ejecutivas en el trastorno disocial (TD) se han llevado a cabo con adolescentes varones institucionalizados. En esta investigación, se compararon las funciones cognitivas y ejecutivas de escolares colombianos no institucionalizados con TD con las de escolares normales, todos entre 6 y 12 años de edad. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizó un diseño de casos y controles, en el que los casos eran los participantes que cumplían los criterios diagnósticos de TD (n = 39) y los controles, aquellos que no cumplían estos criterios (n = 39), de acuerdo con el reporte de un profesional de la institución de los participantes y una entrevista estructurada de síndromes psiquiátricos infantiles. Los dos grupos fueron seleccionados de instituciones educativas y no diferían en edad, grado escolar y nivel socioeconómico. El CI fue controlado, así como la presencia de otros trastornos mentales, enfermedades físicas graves y signos neurológicos mayores. Las funciones cognitivas y ejecutivas fueron evaluadas a través de una batería neuropsicológica infantil. Resultados: Los participantes con TD presentaron puntuaciones significativamente más bajas en habilidades construccionales, habilidades perceptuales (táctiles, visuales y auditivas), memoria verbal diferida, memoria visual diferida, lenguaje (repetición, expresión y comprensión), habilidades metalingüísticas, habilidades espaciales, atención visual y auditiva, habilidades conceptuales, fluidez verbal y gráfica y flexibilidad cognitiva. Estas mismas diferencias se encontraron entre los varones entre sí, excepto en repetición, mientras que las niñas presentaron menos diferencias entre sí, de manera que el desem peño cognitivo y ejecutivo fue más bajo entre los varones que entre las niñas con TD, especialmente en funciones verbales y relacionadas con el lenguaje en general. Conclusiones: Los niños con TD podrían presentar déficits cognitivos y ejecutivos generalizados, que parecen ser mayores entre los niños que entre las niñas con dicho trastorno.